library of congress catalog
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From Dewey to the Library of Congress
The Dewey system was developed in 1876 by Melvil Dewey and allows for an unlimited expansion of cataloguing possibilities and generally keeps different subjects together in physical locations. This system allowed smaller libraries to use more general categories all the while keeping the whole system generally the same at all libraries.
The first half of the 20th century was dominated by the use of Dewey's system but by the 1960s a change started to take place over to the use of the Library of Congress classification system because of the realization that the Dewey system was failing in two respects. The first was that it did not handle inter-sharing libraries with books at two different locations and the second was that new subjects were not easily inserted into the catalogue without making major changes to the system. The subjects were chosen a long time ago and many new books must fit into only a few categories. The existing subjects don't all share common interest as they once did.
The Library of Congress classification system evolved over time and was generated by more than one person as the Dewey system was and at one time. The first part of the LC system was developed in 1898. The LC system is comprised of 21 major classes represented by letters excluding I, O, W, X, and Y. A second letter is used to further specialize the subject and even a third letter is used in the Law category. After the third letter a decimal point is used and an infinite number of categories can be used.
Another classification system is the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which is used primarily in Europe, Japan, Russia, and Latin America. This system was actually based on the fifth edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification and was first presented in 1895 by bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine. This classification was different in that it was used, primarily, for identifying a document's contents rather than just be able to find the documents as DDC is primarily used for.
Book catalogues were popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. These were portable and cheap to produce but hard to update. Card catalogues replaced book catalogues in the late 19th century. These were popular until the 1990s. Three types of cards were usually used for every item in the library. The first type had the author's name on the first line. The second type had the title on the top line. The third type had the subject of the item on the top line. Card catalogues were superior to book catalogues in that more than one person could use it at a time and new entries were easily integrated into the drawers. It became even easier to use in 1901 when the Library of Congress began selling copies of its catalog cards to other libraries. There were 5,738 subscribers to the card service by 1935.
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